Single phase grid-tied inverters are remarkably increasing in low-Power applications such as residential and industrial Power supplies. In the single phase system, the inherent ripple Power at twice the line frequency results in undesirable low-frequency ripple in the dc-link voltage and output ac current. This issue can be eased through the installation of bulky electrolytic capacitors in the dc link. However, such passive filtering approach may inevitably lead to limited system lifetime and reliability. To overcome these problems, auxiliary Power Decoupling methods are used to reduce the size of the electrolytic capacitor and replace it with film capacitor. In this paper, By introducing a shunt switching compensator (SSC) and exploiting instantaneous Power theory (pq theory), the size of the required capacitance remarkably decreased. The proposed controlling system, based on the modified pq theory and single-phase modeling, was similar to a three-phase unbalanced system regarding the structure. The system simulation was according to the 3Kw photovoltaic system used at the Birjand University. The simulation results verify the proposed Power Decoupling technique. At the end, a cost comparison between the proposed structure and prevalent structure is also done.

In this paper, the problem of control a single-stage boost inverter is studied. The goal is to achieve a system with robustness against variations in parameters, fast response, high-quality AC voltage, and smooth DC current. To this end, a new type of dynamic sliding mode control is proposed to apply to various scenarios such as parameter uncertainties and DC input voltages. In comparison with the conventional double-loop controllers, the proposed sliding mode controller utilizes only a single loop in its design, while having attractive features such as robustness against parametric uncertainties. In addition, a methodology is proposed for the Decoupling of double-frequency Power ripples based on proportional-resonant (PR) control to remove the low-frequency current ripples without using additional Power components. Compared to conventional controllers, the proposed controller provides several features such as fast and chattering-free response, robustness against uncertainty in the parameters, smooth control, proper steady-state error, decoupled Power and good total harmonic distortion (THD) over the output voltage and input currents, and simple implementation. In a fair comparison with classical sliding mode control, simulation results demonstrate more satisfactory performance and effectiveness of the proposed control method.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive Power dispatch method in a wind-integrated Power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive Power generation and active Power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive Power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Decoupling of dynamic equations in robotic mechanisms has attracted many researchers in the recent years. This kind of Decoupling can be achieved by modifying the original kinematic structure through the use of counterweights attached to the moving links. Therefore, the robotic control becomes easier due to reducing the coupling disturbances. In this paper, different methods of Decoupling including the static balancing, Coriolis and centripetal force eliminating and dynamic balancing are introduced and their concepts are described based on Lagrange-Euler equations. The systematic adaptive approach is proposed for any open-chain planar robots whose links are connected by revolute joints. The method is tested for two-link and three-link manipulator. The results indicate that the system is fully-decoupled and simple classical approach is sufficient to control it.

A 65 years' woman was admitted in the operating room for discectomy surgery. The laboratory tests were normal, BP: 150/90, HR: 85; O2 Sat 95% in room air, with a history of hypertension, treated with losartan, with a normal ejection fraction. After admitting the patient, routine monitoring was established. The anesthesia machine was checked before anesthesia and the circuit system was connected correctly. . .

In this paper, a method is presented based on approximating the objective function and constrains in optimization problems in conjunction with Lagrange multiplier method. Besides, an algorithm is developed in this relation. Instead of linear or parabola terms employed in Taylor expansion to proceed cautiously with short step lengths, in the method presented here, an arc with constant curvature is used that makes it possible to proceed with relatively longer step lengths. For an n-dimensional optimization problem, the spheres are n-dimensional too. The radius of curvature and center of spheres can be determined at the tangent point between each function and its corresponding sphere. For the objective function, the parameters of sphere are determined at the reference point obtained by Lagrange equations, but for the constraints, first the reference point is returned to the surface of all the active constraints, then at the points on the constraints, the approximate parameters are calculated. Hence every computational step includes two parts: the determination of the reference point and returning it to the surface of active constraints. The criterion for returning to the active constraint is based on the shortest distance of the reference point from each of the active constraint, because the reference point is the output of optimization represented by Lagrange equations and so is the basis of the calculations. For returning the reference point to the active constraint, only one scalar variable is involved in the calculations. The introduction of the n-dimensional spheres both reduces the number of and simplifies the form of equations that need to be solved simultaneously to determine the optimum point and Lagrange multipliers at each optimization step, because the unknowns are now the Lagrange multipliers. This results in a significant reduction in computation time. Separating the design variables from Lagrange equations, the time of calculations may be saved for the loops of time-history analysis in the optimal seismic design.The method is applied to the optimization of two major parts of the lateral resistance systems, and the results are compared with those from penalty method. Considerable reduction of solution time is observed.Conclusions: The following remarks and conclusions are pertinent with regard to the formulation and the results presented in the paper:(1) The structural examples solved by the method presented here have also been solved by the exterior penalty method where both methods have provided exactly the same optimum solutions.(2) The proposed method does not depend on the convexity or the concavity of the constraints or the objective function, because the radius of sphere that indicates the curvature is directly utilized at each computational step.(3) Similar to the other optimization methods, the convergence behaviour and success of the proposed method depends on the starting point.(4) Separating the design variables from Lagrange equations, the time of calculations may be saved for the loops of time-history analysis in the optimal seismic design.(5) In this method, the criterion for the returning to the active constraint was utilized that is based on the shortest distance of the reference point from each of the active constraint (residual error), however, the methods based on Taylor expansion do not consider the minimization of residual error in every computational step.(6) Lagrange multipliers related to the constraints of lower and upper bound in the structural optimization problems can be decoupled from the others by the proposal method.(7) Though of the time of computation to converge, the final solution is of great importance and should be discussed in detail. The space limitation does not let a proper comparison of convergence behaviour between the presented method and the exterior penalty method. Hence this issue has been postponed to a follow-up paper, but just qualitatively, the presented method has shown the convergence faster.

In this paper, a new method for extending and relaxing the noise-coupling (NC) technique is proposed to enhance the noise-shaping order without adding the number of integrators. The noise-shaping order of the introduced ∑∆ modulator whit applying a second-order noise-coupling technique is enhanced and its performance with optimizing the noise transfer function (NTF) zeros is improved. Also, by removing the analog adder at feedforward path and transferring it to a new feedback branch before the last integrator and adding second-order NC path can be decreased the input voltage swing to the quantizer. Thus, by improving the modulator resolution, Power consumption can be reduced. Mathematical analyses and behavioural simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new NC method. To examine its performance, a 2nd-order single loop ΣΔ modulator was designed. The new noise-coupling method is used to achieve the three-order noise shaping to increase the resolution with low complexity and low-Power. The results show an outstanding improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) compared to the conventional structure.

Purpose: This study aims to locate the Customer Order Decoupling Point (CODP) based on supply chain typology using Make to Stock (MTS) and Make to Order (MTO) approaches for standard and innovative products in the Bushehr Polymer industry. Design/methodology/approach: Two mathematical models have been proposed that seek to minimize the costs of mass production, customized production, and transportation costs. To solve and simulate the models, MATLAB R2019a software has been used. Then, the indicators and requirements of pulling and pushing production management strategies have been extracted and calculated. Findings: The results indicated that the polymerization stages of the products include six stages: casting, molding, extrusion, bonding, cutting, and forming. Also, findings indicated that the optimal locating of (CODP) for polymer products is in the pushing production area and the cutting and molding stage. The determined optimal location indicated that the producer will have the lowest cost at this location for future production. It was inferred that the (CODP) point is based on the supply chain typology approach in the cutting and mass production area. Considering the nature of the linear model minimization of this research, the total cost index (C) indicated the lowest value in this area. Research limitations/implications: Due to the unique characteristics of the case study, the results of this research cannot be generalized to other industries. The covid-19 pandemic resulted in difficult access to data. The lack of research-related studies was another limitation. It was recommended to examine the position (CODP) in the LARG, sustainable and robust supply chain. Also, it was suggested to perform similar research in other industries and compare the results. Practical implications: Most of the company's products were located in the mass production area or standard products, hence, the company must maintain its profit margin by focusing and relying on this area. On the other hand, it should be noted that in the current economic situation, accepting separate orders outside the normal production conditions, not only does not benefit the company but also leads to the loss of the available resources spent on production lines. The supply chain typology of polymer products outlined that the values of the variables of the studied model in a period of 12 months can be calculated based on the point of separation of the customer order. Originality/value: This study removes additional and ineffective patterns in the literature and enumerates the necessary indicators to determine the point of CODP. The innovation aspect of this study is the typological approach of the polymer supply chain and identifying its six steps for determining the CODP point to manage cost and time.